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Comparative study of non interest income of the Indian Banking Sector, a study of non interest income

Overview Of Banking Project

Title: Comparative study of non interest income of the Indian Banking Sector

Submitted by:

Gaurav Sharma

BBA(Finance, Gold Medal),MBA(Finance)

gksindia1@gmail.com

Index

Introduction                                                                                                         1

Methodology                                                                                              3

SBI& Associates                                                                                        5

Nationalized banks(Public sector banks)                                                    10

Private sector banks                                                                                   15

Foreign banks                                                                                             20

Findings                                                                                                       25

Conclusion                                                                                                 26

Literature review                                                                                        26

References                                                                                                  26

Introduction

There are two broad sources of bank revenues:

1. Interest income
2. Non-interest income.

Interest income is generated from what is known as “the spread.†The spread is the difference between the interest a bank earns on loans extended to customers, corporate etc and the interest paid to depositors for the use of their money. It is also earned from any securities that the banks own, such as treasury bills or bonds.

Non-interest income is earned by providing a variety of services, such as trading of securities, assisting companies to issue new equity financing, securities commissions and wealth management, sale of land, building, profit and loss on revaluation of assets etc.

As compared to the developed world, the Indian banking sector, apart from the relying on traditional sources of revenue like loan making are also focusing on  the activities that generate fee income, service charges, trading revenue, and other types of noninterest income. While noninterest income plays an important role in banking revenues in the developed world, its contribution to the total income of the Indian banking was 25% as on 31st March 2008.

Components of non interest income

The major components of non interest income in our banking sector are as follows:

1. Commission/ exchange and brokerage
2. Profit or loss on Sale of investments
3. Profit or loss Sale of land& buildings
4. Profit/loss on revaluation of investments
5. Profit or loss on Exchange transaction etc.
6. Miscellaneous income source which includes advisory, trading etc.

Share of various sources of non interest income

The share of various sources of non interest income to the total income of banking sector as on 31st march 2008 is shown in the pie chart below:

In the above figure we find that the highest contribution to the non interest income has been of the commission followed by sale of investments, miscellaneous income and exchange transactions.

Movements of interest and non interest income of the Indian banking sector (1994-2004)

Methodology

Under this I have done a comparative study of non interest income of the Indian banking sector by classifying banks into four categories:

1. SBI and associates which includes State bank of India, State bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, State bank of Hyderabad, State bank of Mysore, State bank of Patiala, State bank of Saurashtra and State bank of Travancore.

1. Nationalized banks: (Public sector banks) which includes Allahabad bank, Andhra bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra,  Canara bank, Central Bank of India, Corporation bank, Dena bank, Indian bank, Indian Overseas bank, New bank of India, Oriental bank of Commerce, Punjab &Sind bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate bank, UCO bank, Union bank of India, United bank of India, Vijaya bank.( Total 19)

1. Other scheduled banks: (Private sector banks) which includes Development credit bank, Times bank, Axis bank, Indus land Bank, ICICI bank, Bank of Rajasthan, Catholic Syrian bank, Lakshmi Vilas bank, HDFC bank, Centurion bank, Bank of Punjab, Tamilnad Mercantile Bank, Federal bank, Punjab Cooperative bank, Lord Krishna bank, ING Vyasya bank, IDBI bank, Dhanlakshmi bank.(total 18 banks)

1. Foreign banks:  which includes Barclays bank, ING bank, ABN Amro bank, Bank of America, BNP  Paribas, Standard Chartered bank, DBS bank ,Citibank, HSBC, Deutsche bank, Mashreq bank, Bank of Nova Scotia, Bank of Bahrain & Kuwait, American Express bank (total 14 banks)

The banks used under private sector and foreign sector category are reflective of major portion of their respective market/category. Moreover data was not available for other banks within that category.

The period of study taken was 11 years i.e. 1994-2004. The period of study was taken as 11 years because, for the above mentioned period the data was available for all the bank and to ensure uniformity.

Objectives of the study:

1. To analyze the growth of non interest income as a source of revenue for the Indian banking sector over a period of 11 years (1994-2004).
2. To analyze the contribution of major components of the non interest income over a period of 11 years (1994-2004).
3. To find out statistically that how much of the profits of the banking sector over a period of 11 years is determined by non interest income and interest income.
4. To find out statistically the contribution of various components of Non interest income towards the profits of the bank over a period of 11 years.
5. To find out the contribution of interest and non interest income towards the total income in each of the 11 years (1994-04).
6. To find out the correlation between the non interest income and the total income of the banking sector over a period of 11 years.
7. To find out the reasons for the increase in the non interest income and what are the challenges involved to generate non interest income.

Tool used:

Data regarding the interest income, non interest income, profits, various components of non interest income, total income of the banking sector has been collected from the RBI website.

To find out the influence of interest and non interest income on the profits of the banking sector, I have made use of multiple regression tool in E-views software.

The interest and non interest income were independent variable and the profits of the bank was the dependent variable

Two Multiple Regression equation was used for the study:

Equation 1

Profits=a+b1*interest income+b2*noninterest income

Where b1 and b2 were coefficient and a is the intercept term which shows the profits of the bank had been c if interest and non interest income had been 0

Equation 2

Profits: a+b1*commission+b2*profit/loss on sale of land+ profit/loss on sale of investment+ profit/loss on revaluation of investment +profit/loss on exchange transactions+ Miscellaneous income

Where profits was the dependent variable and various components of non interest income were independent variable and a is the constant term

The equation 2 was used to find out the influence of various components of non interest income on the profits of the bank.

SBI and Associates

(Rs‘000)

In the above table we see the following:

Column1: Average

Column 2: Year

Column 3: Other income or the non interest income of the bank

Column 4: Commission, exchange and brokerage

Column 5: Net profit/loss on sale of investment

Column6:  Net profit/loss on revaluation of investment

Column7: Net profit/loss on sale of land, building and other assets

Column 8: Net profit/ loss on exchange transactions

Column 9: Miscellaneous income

Column 10: Total income of the bank

Column 11: Profit/loss of the bank

Column 12: Interest income of the bank

Column 13: Noninterest income as a percentage of total income

Column 14: Interest income as a percentage of total income

Influence of interest and non interest income on profits of SBI& Associates

The above output is of the multiple regression equation where we have tried to find out that how much of the profits of the SBI and its associates are determined by interest and non interest income.

1. We find non -interest income to be a significant variable in explaining the profits of SBI as the prob value is less the .05 (.0095)and the value of t stat is more than 2(3.386)[ Rule: an independent variable is said to be significant is its prob value is less than .05 or the t-stat is more than 2).
2. We find that in our regression model the percentage of variation in the profits of SBI and its associate that is explained by interest and non interest income is 92.81% ( Rule: for a regression model to be efficient the r-square shall be at least .6)
3. From the above output we find that Noninterest income had a significant influence on the profits of SBI and its associates over a period of 11 years.

Influence of non interest components on profit of SBI& Associate

Model Summary

Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

1

.990(a)

.981

.943

4040785.55743

a  Predictors: (Constant), misc, plland, plexchange, pllinvest, plreav, comm

Coefficients(a)

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t

Sig.

B

Std. Error

Beta

1

(Constant)

-20565743.526

10099548.868

-2.036

.135

comm

2.109

.603

1.153

3.495

.040

pllinvest

.970

.255

.944

3.805

.032

plreav

27.569

76.257

.100

.362

.742

plland

76.158

97.743

.221

.779

.493

plexchange

-1.077

.815

-.135

-1.322

.278

misc

-4.728

2.151

-1.042

-2.198

.115

a  Dependent Variable: profit

In the above regression output the independent variable used were various components of non interest income i.e. commission/exchange /brokerage, profit/loss on sale of investment, profit and loss on revaluation of investment, profit/loss on sale of land/building, profit/loss on exchange transaction and miscellaneous income. And the dependent variable used was the profits of the SBI& associates

The objective is to find out that which one of the non interest component had a major influence on the profit of SBI & associates over a period of 11 years.

We find the following:

1. The percentage of variation in the profits of the SBI& associates explained by the 6 independent variables is  98.1% which is significant(as R square shall be more than .6)
2. We find that commission/exchange/brokerage and profit/loss on sale of investment had a major influence on the profits of the SBI and its associates over a period of 11 years. As they are having a prob values less than .05(level of significance) and is having a t-stat more than 2.

This means that SBI and its associates shall focus more on commission exchange and brokerage for its non interest income.

Contribution of various components of non-interest income  of SBI& Associate(94-04)

The above pie graph has been prepared by taking into account the average values of non interest income components over a period of 11 years (94-04). From the above graph we find that commission/exchange and brokerage had around 59% (highest) contribution to the non interest income followed by sale of investment (20%). Exchange transaction was having a contribution of 12% and miscellaneous income was having an influence of 9%. The sale of land/buildings, revaluation of investment was having a very negligible influence on the non interest income.

Movements of interest and non interest income  of SBI & Associates(94-04)

If we look at the movement of interest and non interest income of SBI and associates over a period of 11 years we will find that the non interest income has grown at a CAGR of 18.46% and the interest income has grown at a CAGR of 13.15%.The noninterest income over a period of 11 years has grown by 444.563% whereas interest income has increased by 244.14% which shows how aggressively the bank is working on its non interest income.

Contribution of interest and non interest income of SBI & Associate

From the above table we find the contribution of interest and non interest income as a percentage of total income in each of the 11 years period. We find the share of non interest income has increased over a period of time from 14% to 21% and share of interest income has decreased from 85% to 78%.

On an average over a period of 11 years the contribution of non interest income as been 15% and interest income has been 85% to the total income of the SBI and its associates.

Correlation between non interest income and total income

0.935642

There is a very positive correlation between non interest income and the total income of SBI and its associates which shows that higher the non interest income higher the total income of the SBI& associate.

Nationalized banks: Public sector banks

(Rs‘000)

In the above table we see the following:

Column1: Average

Column 2: Year

Column 3: Other income or the non interest income of the bank

Column 4: Commission, exchange and brokerage

Column 5: Net profit/loss on sale of investment

Column6:  Net profit/loss on revaluation of investment

Column7: Net profit/loss on sale of land, building and other assets

Column 8: Net profit/ loss on exchange transactions

Column 9: Miscellaneous income

Column 10: Total income of the bank

Column 11: Profit/loss of the bank

Column 12: Interest income of the bank

Column 13: Noninterest income as a percentage of total income

Column 14: Interest income as a percentage of total income

Influence of interest and non interest income on profits of Public sector banks (94-04)

The above output is of the multiple regression equation where we have tried to find out that how much of the profits of the public sector banks are determined by interest and non interest income.

Non interest and Interest income are independent variables and profit is the dependent variable

From the above output we find:

1. We find non -interest income to be a significant variable in explaining the profits of public sector banks as the prob value is less the .05 (.0268) and the value of t stat is more than 2(2.7056) [Rule: an independent variable is said to be significant if its prob value is less than .05(level of significance) or the t-stat is more than 2].
2. We find that in our regression model the percentage of variation in the profits of public sector banks that is explained by interest and non interest income is 88.86%( Rule for a regression model to be efficient the r-square shall be at least .6)
3. From the above output we find that noninterest income had a significant influence on the profits of public sector banks over a period of 11 years.

Influence of non interest components on profit of Public sector banks(94-04)

Model Summary

Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

1

.974(a)

.948

.870

14640946.95589

a  Predictors: (Constant), misc, plland, plreav, pllinvest, plexchange, comm.

Coefficients(a)

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t

Sig.

B

Std. Error

Beta

1

(Constant)

-84595095.339

58218744.505

-1.453

.220

comm

.151

5.866

.024

.026

.981

pllinvest

.017

.478

.014

.035

.974

plreav

-13.928

8.434

-.348

-1.651

.174

plland

48.353

63.394

.105

.763

.488

plexchange

5.954

8.910

.276

.668

.541

misc

3.451

7.536

.470

.458

.671

a  Dependent Variable: profit

In the above regression output the independent variable used were various components of non interest income i.e. commission/exchange /brokerage, profit/loss on sale of investment, profit and loss on revaluation of investment, profit/loss on sale of land/building, profit/loss on exchange transaction and miscellaneous income. And the dependent variable used was the profits of the public sector banks

The objective  is to find out which one of the non interest component had a major influence on the profit of public sector banks over a period of 11 years.

We find the following:

1. The percentage of variation in the profits of the public sector banks explained by the 6 independent variables is  94.8% which is significant(as r square shall be more than .6)

1. We find that none of the non interest component was individually sufficient in explaining the profits of the public sector banks as we find that none of the non interest component is having a significance value of less than .5 or having a t-stat of more than 2.

Contribution of various components of non interest income of Public Sector banks (94-04)

The above pie graph has been prepared by taking into account the average values of non interest income components over a period of 11 years (94-04). From the above graph we find that commission/exchange and brokerage had around 36% (highest) contribution to the non interest income followed by sale of investment (35%).  Miscellaneous income was having a contribution of 16% followed by exchange transaction i.e. 12%. The sale of land/buildings, revaluation of investment was having a very negligible influence on the non interest income.

Movements of interest and non interest income  of Public sector banks(94-04)

If we look at the movement of interest and non interest income of public sector banks over a period of 11 years we will find that the non interest income has grown at a CAGR of 19.85% and the interest income has grown at a CAGR of 12.68%.The noninterest income over a period of 11 years has grown by 511.87%  whereas interest income has increased by 230.03% which shows how aggressively the bank is working on its non interest income.

Contribution of interest and non interest income of the Public Sector banks(94-04)

From the above table we find the contribution of interest and non interest income as a percentage of total income in each of the 11 years period. We find the share of non interest income has increased over a period of time from 11% to 20% and share of interest income has decreased from 88% to 79%.

On an average over a period of 11 years the contribution of non interest income as been 13% and interest income has been 87% to the total income of the public sector banks.

Correlation between non interest income and total income of Public sector banks

0.940162

There is a very positive correlation between non interest income and the total income of public sector banks which shows that higher the non interest income higher the total income of the public sector banks.

Private sector banks

(Rs  ‘000)

In the above table we see the following:

Column1: Average

Column 2: Year

Column 3: Other income or the non interest income of the bank

Column 4: Commission, exchange and brokerage

Column 5: Net profit/loss on sale of investment

Column6:  Net profit/loss on revaluation of investment

Column7: Net profit/loss on sale of land, building and other assets

Column 8: Net profit/ loss on exchange transactions

Column 9: Miscellaneous income

Column 10: Total income of the bank

Column 11: Profit/loss of the bank

Column 12: Interest income of the bank

Column 13: Noninterest income as a percentage of total income

Column 14: Interest income as a percentage of total income

Influence of interest and non interest income on profits of Private sector banks(94-04)

The above output is of the multiple regression equation where we have tried to find out that how much of the profits of the private sector banks are determined by interest and non interest income.

Non interest and Interest income are independent variables and profit is the dependent variable

From the above output we find:

1. We find non -interest income to be a significant variable in explaining the profits of private sector banks as the prob value is less the .05 (.0128) and the value of t stat is more than 2(3.188) [Rule: an independent variable is said to be significant if its prob value is less than .05(level of significance) or the t-stat is more than 2].
2. We find that in our regression model the percentage of variation in the profits of private sector banks that is explained by interest and non interest income is 95.95 %( Rule for a regression model to be efficient the R-square shall be at least .6)
3. From the above output we find that noninterest income had a significant influence on the profits of private sector banks over a period of 11 years.

Influence of non interest components on profit of Private sector banks (94-04)

Model Summary

Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

1

.964

.912

.881

309483.83835

a  Predictors: (Constant), misc, plreav, plexchange, pllinvest, plland, comm

Coefficients(a)

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t

Sig.

B

Std. Error

Beta

1

(Constant)

-775200.943

177724.748

-4.362

.012

comm

.493

.252

.311

1.955

.122

pllinvest

.623

.147

.672

4.240

.013

plreav

4.129

2.209

.062

1.869

.135

plland

108.894

14.560

.923

7.479

.002

plexchange

-2.522

.513

-.268

-4.915

.008

misc

3.314

.310

1.114

10.680

.000

In the above regression output the independent variable used were various components of non interest income i.e. commission/exchange /brokerage, profit/loss on sale of investment, profit and loss on revaluation of investment, profit/loss on sale of land/building, profit/loss on exchange transaction and miscellaneous income. And the dependent variable used was the profits of the private sector banks

The objective to find out which one of the non interest component had a major influence on the profit of private sector banks over a period of 11 years.

We find the following:

1. The percentage of variation in the profits of the private sector banks explained by the 6 independent variables is  91.2% which is significant(as r square shall be more than .6)

1. We find that sale of investment , land & building and miscellaneous income and exchange transactions have a major influence on the profits of private sector banks over a period of 11 years as these variable are having a significance level of less than .05 and a t-stat of more than 2.

1. According to the above output miscellaneous income had a major influence o the profits of the as it’s is having the maximum t-stat i.e. 10.680 so bank shall focus on it for its non interest income.

Contribution of various components of non interest income of Private Sector banks (94-04)

The above pie graph has been prepared by taking into account the average values of non interest income components over a period of 11 years (94-04). From the above graph we find that sale of investment has around 41%(highest) contribution  to the non interest income followed by commission/exchange /brokerage 34% followed by miscellaneous income(17%) and exchange transactions 8%. The sale of land/buildings, revaluation of investment was having a very negligible influence on the non interest income.

Movements of interest and non interest income  of Private Sector banks(94-04)

If we look at the movement of interest and non interest income of private sector banks over a period of 11 years we will find that the non interest income has grown at a CAGR of 43.50% and the interest income has grown at a CAGR of 33.95%. The non interest income over a period of 11 years has grown by 3604.74%% whereas interest income has increased by 1760.84% which shows how aggressively the  private sector banks are working on its non interest income.

Contribution of interest and non interest income of Private sector banks (94-04)

From the above table we find the contribution of interest and non interest income as a percentage of total income in each of the 11 years period. We find the share of non interest income has increased over a period of time from 13% to 23% and share of interest income has decreased from 86% to 76%.

On an average over a period of 11 years the contribution of non interest income as been 17% and interest income has been 83% to the total income of the private sector banks.

Correlation between non interest income and total income of Private sector banks

0.987067

There is a very positive correlation between non interest income and the total income of private sector banks which shows that higher the non interest income higher the total income of the private sector banks.

Foreign banks

(Rs  ‘000)

In the above table we see the following:

Column1: Average

Column 2: Year

Column 3: Other income or the non interest income of the bank

Column 4: Commission, exchange and brokerage

Column 5: Net profit/loss on sale of investment

Column6:  Net profit/loss on revaluation of investment

Column7: Net profit/loss on sale of land, building and other assets

Column 8: Net profit/ loss on exchange transactions

Column 9: Miscellaneous income

Column 10: Total income of the bank

Column 11: Profit/loss of the bank

Column 12: Interest income of the bank

Column 13: Noninterest income as a percentage of total income

Column 14: Interest income as a percentage of total income

Influence of interest and non interest income on profits of Foreign banks (94-04)

The above output is of the multiple regression equation where we have tried to find out that how much of the profits of the foreign   banks are determined by interest and non interest income.

Non interest and Interest income are independent variables and profit is the dependent variable

From the above output we find:

1. We find non -interest income to be a significant variable in explaining the profits of foreign banks as the prob value is less the .05 (.0006) and the value of t stat is more than 2(5.459) [Rule: an independent variable is said to be significant if its prob value is less than .05(level of significance) or the t-stat is more than 2].
2. We find that in our regression model the percentage of variation in the profits of foreign banks that is explained by interest and non interest income is 94.64%( Rule for a regression model to be efficient the r-square shall be at least .6)

From the above output we find that noninterest income had a major and significant influence on the profits of foreign  banks over a period of 11 years

Influence of non interest components on profit of Foreign banks (94-04)

Model Summary

Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

1

.995(a)

.990

.975

891916.79648

a  Predictors: (Constant), misc, plland, plreav, pllinvest, comm, plexchange

Coefficients(a)

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

B

Std. Error

Beta

t

Sig.

1

(Constant)

2987693.345

1103189.297

2.708

.054

comm

-.182

.245

-.131

-.744

.498

pllinvest

.371

.298

.158

1.248

.280

plreav

-15.101

9.845

-.094

-1.534

.200

plland

-9.579

5.393

-.123

-1.776

.150

plexchange

.808

.384

.485

2.101

.103

misc

2.657

.952

.580

2.790

.049

a  Dependent Variable: profit

In the above regression output the independent variable used were various components of non interest income i.e. commission/exchange /brokerage, profit/loss on sale of investment, profit and loss on revaluation of investment, profit/loss on sale of land/building, profit/loss on exchange transaction and miscellaneous income. And the dependent variable used as the profits of the foreign banks

The objective is  to find out which one of the non interest component had a major influence on the profit of foreign banks over a period of 11 years.

We find the following:

1. The percentage of variation in the profits of the foreign banks explained by the 6 independent variables is  99.0% which is significant(as r square shall be more than .6)

1. We find  that only miscellaneous income have a major influence on the profits of foreign  banks over a period of 11 years as it is  having a significance level of less than .05(.049) and a t-stat of more than 2(2.790).

Contribution of various components of non interest income of Foreign banks (94-04)

The above pie graph has been prepared by taking into account the average values of non interest income components over a period of 11 years (94-04). From the above graph we find that commission/exchange /brokerage was having around 48% (highest) contribution  to the non interest income followed by  exchange transactions 29%. The contribution of sale of investment was 17% followed by miscellaneous income 6% .The sale of land/buildings, revaluation of investment was having a very negligible influence on the non interest income

Movements of interest and non interest income of foreign banks (94-04)

If we look at the movement of interest and non interest income of foreign banks over a period of 11 years we will find that the non interest income has grown at a CAGR of 19.57% and the interest income has grown at a CAGR of 13.49%. The non interest income over a period of 11 years has grown by 497.394%% whereas interest income has increased by 254.54% which shows how aggressively the bank is working on its non interest income

Contribution of interest and non interest income of foreign banks (94-04)

From the above table we find the contribution of interest and non interest income as a percentage of total income in each of the 11 years period. We find the share of non interest income has increased over a period of time from 21% to 31% and share of interest income has decreased from 78% to 68%.

On an average over a period of 11 years the contribution of non interest income as been 23% and interest income has been 77% to the total income of the foreign banks.

Correlation between non interest income and total income of foreign banks

0.972437

There is a very positive correlation between non interest income and the total income of private sector banks which shows that higher the non interest income higher the total income of the private sector banks.

Findings

We have seen that the contribution of non interest income of our banking sector has increased significantly over a period of 11 years. We have also seen that in each type of banks i.e. SBI, public sector banks, private sector banks and foreign banks the contribution of non interest income towards the total income has increased over a period of time and that of the interest income has decreased over a period of time. If we look at the total banking sector we will find that in our banking system the non interest income is having a significant influence on the profits of the banks. On an average the share of the non interest income towards the total income of the banking sector has increased from 12% in 1994 to  20% in 2004.If we look at the components of non interest income of our banking sector we will find that  commission/exchange and brokerage earned by the banks had a major contribution i.e. 44% to the total noninterest income of the bank , after the commission the next big contribution to the non interest income had been of the sale of investments which was 28%, followed by exchange transactions having a share of 15%. Miscellaneous income was having the 13% contribution to the total noninterest income of the banking sector. The contribution of sale of land, revaluation of investments was having a negative or even a negligible influence on the noninterest income of the banking sector. On an average the non interest income of the banking sector has grown at a CAGR of 25% as compared to interest income which has grown at a CAGR of 18%. The percentage increase in the non interest income of the banking sector has increased by 1264.64% and interest income has increased by 622%. The private sector banks had seen a significant contribution in the increase of  its non interest income over a period of 11 years as compared to other types of banks. Among the various non interest components that had an influence on the profits of the banking sector we find that commission, sale of investment, miscellaneous income had a significant influence on it. We also find that there was a positive correlation between the non interest income and the total income of the banking sector. We also find that in case of public sector banks none of the  non interest component  was found to be statistically significant enough to influence the profits over a period of 11 years.

Reasons for increase in the non interest income

Now if we look at the reason for the increase in the non interest income of the banking sector we will find that it has majorly increased due to following reasons:

1. With economy growing at an unprecedented rate of 9.4 per cent during 2006-07 and acceleration in the growth rate being attributable to the buoyancy in the industrial and service sector, the demand for fee-based services of banks has gone up and as a result of which the non interest income has also risen up.
2. Noninterest income is an effective way  used by  banks to respond to its  squeezing margins
3. At the bank level, greater reliance on noninterest income, particularly trading revenue, is associated with lower risk-adjusted pro?ts attached to it.

Challenges involved

1. Not aggressive direct customer interaction  of public sector banks.
2. High cost and less expertise involved  in launching of innovative products/services as per the customers’ expectations.
3. Technology requirements.

Conclusion

After studying the non interest growth pattern of the Indian banking sector over a period of 11 years we can say that it is slowly and gradually becoming one of the important avenues for our Indian banks to generate revenue from. In this respect we see that not only private banks and foreign banks are ahead but also our public sector banks are gradually catching it. We can say that it to  be an important source available with our banking sector to respond to the squeezing margins and meeting the shareholders expectations.

Literature review

1. Business Efficiency of Public Sector Commercial Banks: A Data Envelopment Approach :

Ram Pratap Sinha (2008)

The article says that following the nationalization of 20 major commercial banks in 1969 and 1980, the government followed policies of financial repression up to the 1980s. During this period the public sector commercial banks had rapid expansion of branches, especially in the rural and semi urban areas and had reasonable success in the matter of deposit mobilization and disbursement of loans. However, the operating efficiency of public sector commercial banks, declined during the period due to various reasons. In the 1990s, the banking environment was radically transformed by certain bold initiatives taken by RBI including the dismantling of entry barriers, rate deregulation, introduction of prudential accounting norm and the implementation of Basel I capital adequacy norms. The changed competition and accounting environment compelled the commercial banks to provide unprecedented attention to cost cutting and supplementing fund-based income by fee-based income.

1. Product mix and earnings volatility at commercial bank: evidence from a degree of leverage model:  Robert De young & Karin P Roland(1999)

The article says that the commercial banks lending and deposit taking business has declined in recent years. Deregulation and new technology have eroded bank’s comparative advantages and made it easier for non bank competitors to enter these markets. In response, banks have shifted their sales mix towards noninterest income-by selling non bank fee based financial services such as mutual funds, by charging fees for services that used to be bundled together with deposit or loan products .It says that the conventional wisdom in the banking industry is that earnings from fee based products are more stable than loan based earnings and that fee based activities reduce bank risk via diversification.

References

1. RBI website
2. Icfai Journal of Banking studies Sept 2008 issue pg 22-26
3. Ideas.repec.org

Where can i learn how to build my own coil winding machine,for tattoo machines?

I build tattoo machine frames,and misc.parts.
I would like to build my own coils.

Look into slot cars.
I re-wind the motors.
THey offer a winding jig.